Google I/O 2016: 10 big announcements to keep an eye on !

           

          Google I/O is an annual software-developer focused conference held by Google in San Francisco, California. Google I/O features highly technical, in-depth sessions focused on building web, mobile, and enterprise applications with Google and open web technologies such as Android, Chrome, Chrome OS, Google APIs, Google Web Toolkit, App Engine, and more.

            Google I/O was started in 2008. The "I" and "O" stand for input/output, and "Innovation in the Open". The format of the event is similar to that of the Google Developer Day.

             At I/O this year, Google displayed its vision for a more ubiquitous and conversational way of interacting with technology. Its Assistant is chattier, answering natural language queries with a more human voice, and it’s found its way into several new Google products: the messenger Allo and the Echo-like speaker Home. Both are areas where other companies have a lead, but Google’s strength in AI gave these services some nice twists, doing things like automatically generating surprisingly specific reactions to photos.

              Google also announced improvements to Android — though N, out of beta this summer, still needs to be named — as well as a mobile VR platform that will come with the new OS. There’s a FaceTime rival Duo as well, and a way to run Android apps without downloading anything. Below are the 10 biggest announcements.

Google has a new VR platform

Daydream is Google’s VR platform of the future

Google now has a mobile virtual reality platform. It's called Daydream, and it's built on top of Android N. That means it's not going to compete with the likes of the PC-powered HTC Vive or Oculus Rift (at least not yet, anyway), but looks much more powerful than Cardboard and represents a huge step in the push to advance VR out of its early stages.

From the sound of it, Daydream is a lot like Android for VR. It's a backbone of software inside Android N (simply known as "VR Mode") that provides users with an entire ecosystem to play around in. There will be a home screen with apps (which looks a lot like the Gear VR's home screen, to be honest), and Google has apparently already created special VR versions of its own apps like YouTube, Street View, the Google Play Store, Play Movies, and Google Photos. Other companies, like The New York Times, HBO, Netflix, Ubisoft, and Electronic Arts are already developing for Daydream as well.

The biggest limitation for Daydream seems to be that it will only work on new phones that have special sensors and screens. Google says that those Daydream-ready phones will be available this fall, and that we can expect to see them from Samsung, HTC, LG, Huawei, and more. The company is also releasing reference designs for headsets as a way of encouraging phonemakers to get on board with the platform.

Google made a VR headset… sort of...

One of the rumors leading up to this year's I/O conference was that Google would announce its very own mid-tier VR headset — something more capable and polished than Cardboard, but more affordable and accessible than the HTC Vive or Oculus Rift.

This wound up being only sort of true. Google showed off a reference design for a smartphone-powered VR headset that looks a lot like a smaller, cordless Oculus Rift. (The company also showed a motion controller with a touchpad.) What's interesting here is that Google is approaching VR much like it originally approached Android, because the company also announced the Daydream initiative, a mobile VR platform that will be baked into Android N. Like with Android, Google is providing companies with a backbone of software while pointing them in a particular direction on the hardware side.

Of course, Google actually makes its phone reference designs in the form of Nexus devices, so it's anyone's guess whether we'll see a real Google VR headset as Daydream evolves, or if we'll just keep getting more blueprints.

Google has two new messaging apps

Allo is a messaging app with a resident chatbot

Google is making a new AI-powered foray into messaging with Allo. It’s a mobile-only app that you sign up for with your phone number and have the option of connecting to your Google account. It has the usual messaging features, including emoji, some custom stickers, and the ability to draw on photos. It also has the ability to control the font size of your messages.

One of Allo’s distinguishing features is the Google Assistant. There’s more on that below, but users will be able to call on the Assistant for information and automatically generated replies.

Google also stressed the privacy aspects to Allo. All messages in Allo are encrypted, but Allo also has an incognito mode, encrypting messages end-to-end. It also has private notifications and expiring messages.

Duo is Google’s FaceTime competitor

Because one messaging app is never enough, Google followed up its announcement of Allo with another app called Duo. It’s a video chatting app that, much like how Apple splits up iMessage and FaceTime, exists separately and is completely dedicated to a video-only experience.

The good thing about that is Duo will be dead simple to use. When you open the app you’re presented with a selfie-cam video preview of yourself — which is important, because when you pick who you want to call, a feature called "Knock Knock" allows the person you’re calling to see a video preview of you before they even answer.

Duo is mobile-only, though, and it’s tied to your phone number, so FaceTime has a big advantage here. But Duo — like Allo — will be available on both Android and iOS this summer.

More assistants in more places

A smart speaker for the smart home

The company also announced a new home assistant called Google Home, a small speaker with always-listening microphones that integrates into a broad range of services. The obvious comparison is Amazon’s Echo, and Home will answer questions and execute commands in a similar way, relying on Google’s Assistant technology to make sense of the queries.

The device itself is a small cylinder with a rounded top and a speaker at the base, available in a number of different shells to match your decor. Unlike Echo, it’s designed to be used with multiple devices in multiple rooms, so you can ask a single query and not have to worry about three different devices answering back.

Home is built on the Chromecast standard, which lets it push media to other Cast-compatible speakers and screens, change temperature or lighting through Nest devices, and integrate with services like Spotify. Google hasn’t opened Home’s API to developers yet, so Home can’t communicate with as many outside services as Echo, but Google says those integrations will become possible as the platform develops.

Google’s assistant is getting smarter and more chatty

Sundar Pichai began I/O by showing off a next-generation Google Assistant, which feels more like a chat app than the search-based Google Now. At the event, Pichai demonstrated the assistant’s ability to parse context by asking it what movies were playing tonight, specifying that he wanted to bring the kids, and then buying tickets, all without leaving the app and more or less in the way you’d speak to a human. It feels like a standalone version of the conversational AI that’s coming to Home and Allo. Google, Pichai said, sees the future of computing as an "ambient experience that extends beyond devices."

The Google Assistant also gives Allo an edge. In Allo, you can start a conversation with @google, asking it questions and doing things like making reservations through OpenTable. You can also call on the Assistant in a conversation, so your friends can see and respond to what it says. The Assistant also offers possible replies to things your friends say in chat, which Google is calling "suggestion chips." Google learns what responses to offer based on how you write — some of the suggested responses in the demo included emoji and surprisingly specific comments on photos.

Android keeps getting bigger

Android N is smarter, faster, better

We got our first look at Android N with a developer preview in March, which showed off split-screen multitasking, quick settings buttons, and a new set of emoji. The OS won’t be out of beta until later this summer, but today, Google released a new beta and showed off even more of the new operating system. New features include more control over notification size from different apps and a new picture-in-picture mode. N could also be a better platform for gaming thanks to a battery of optimizations and a new API called Vulkan that lets developers directly control a phone’s GPU for sharper 3D graphics. Google ultimately declined to name the new OS, kicking that question toa crowdsourced contest. 

Android Wear 2.0

Google also announced the biggest overhaul to Android Wear since it was released back in 2014. That said, Android Wear 2.0 isn’t shockingly different from the first version, but there are a few changes that will definitely change the experience. For one, users can now make data from any app show up on any watch face — similar to how complications work on the Apple Watch.

Most importantly, Android Wear 2.0 is supposed to help your smartwatch become more autonomous. Google says that watches equipped with the new version will need to rely less on smartphones and cellular connections, freeing up users to be more active without lugging their phones around. Features like automatic exercise recognition and better third-party app syncing should help this, too. And, of course, Google showed off a tiny, swipeable QWERTY keyboard, because who doesn’t want to type on their wrist?

Android reaches deeper into your car

Google also announced a number of slow-but-steady improvements for drivers. The popular traffic-tracking app Waze is now built directly into Android Auto, letting drivers see speed trap warnings and accident alerts in real time. The new Auto can also connect to cars over Wi-Fi

, where previous versions required a wired USB connection. Android N also has some new back-end features that will make it easier for automakers to create their own unique flavors of N, although it's unclear how many car companies are taking Google up on the offer. The latest version of Auto will even work if your car doesn't support the system, thanks to a new side of the app designed to be used on the phone itself.

Running Android apps without downloading them

A lot of companies are trying to improve the browsing experience in mobile, chiefly by circumventing the open web. There’s Facebook’s Instant Articles and Google’s own AMP, but today Google announced a novel approach — loading parts of apps even if you haven’t installed them. It’s called Android Instant Apps. In the demo, when you click on a BuzzFeed link, Google Play grabs the parts of the BuzzFeed app it needs, and plays a video. In another demo, it runs a parking meter payment app without installing it. Google says it will take developers "less than a day of work" to modularize their apps for the program and that it will be rolling out to users later this year.

What does it all mean?

Seeing these products through won’t be easy. VR, messaging, and smart assistants are three of the hottest areas of tech; today, Google took big swings at all of them. The demos were impressive, especially where the intelligence of its Assistant was on display, but the result leaves us with a lot of questions. Will a smart chatbot be enough to surmount the lead of Amazon’s Echo or Facebook’s Messenger? Can Google’s Daydream platform catch up with the Vive and the Rift? Amazon has been aggressive about partnering with other services, and Facebook — well, Facebook is where everyone’s friends already are. We’ll need a much closer look at the products before we can start to guess at the answers, but in the meantime, Sundar Pichai’s Google has showed it isn’t afraid of making big bets.

BMW to launch autonomous, electric 'i Next' vehicle in 2021

BMW revealed during its annual shareholders meeting that its next flagship model will arrive in 2021, sporting the sort of advanced technology you’d expect from a luxury automaker that’s transitioning its business to adapt to whatBloomberg calls changing consumer tastes.

During his address, BMW CEO Harald Kruger said the BMW i Next will be its next innovation driver, complete with autonomous driving, digital connectivity, an intelligent lightweight design and a totally new interior. The executive added that the vehicle will bring the next generation of electro-mobility to the road.

The German automaker unveiled its first electric-powered vehicle, the BMW i3, in 2013. Allowing eight years to pass between the i3’s arrival and the i Next is a decision that some analysts and shareholders are struggling with.

Daniela Bergdolt, vice chair of German shareholder protection association DSW, asked Krueger if his company can afford to wait until 2021 to unveil the BMW i Next and still be competitive. Bergdolt said he sensed Krueger used to be early when it comes to e-mobility and now there’s a sense that he is somewhat discouraged.

Kruger said people often ask him when we will be driving autonomously. He tells them we already can. One of the German automaker’s test vehicles completed a lap at the Hockenheimring race track back in 2006 and in 2011, a BMW drove on the A9 autobahn from Munich towards Nuremberg without any human intervention.

Earlier this year, BMW shared its vision of the future through a concept car known as the Vision Next 100 Vehicle. Its upcoming i Next will likely draw inspiration from that concept.

Kruger said it will still be a while before self-driving cars reach maturity, partially because the proper legal framework for customers and manufacturers hasn’t yet been decided.

BMW is just one of several automakers working on both autonomous and electric vehicles, the most notable of which is Tesla whose mainstream Model 3has already garnered nearly 400,000 reservations.

Get 'Bionic Hearing' with New Smart Earbuds

          If you've ever been on a crowded bus and found yourself stuck between a loud conversation on one side and obnoxiously loud music on the other, the idea of being able to cancel out that background noise probably sounds like bliss. Now, new earbuds can not only help boost your hearing and cancel out pesky noise, but also serve as wireless earphones for making phone calls and listening to music hands-free.

    Wearable devices such as fitness trackers and smartwatches have become popular accessories, and recently, companies have started developing "hearables"

        The IQbuds from Nuheara in San Francisco can use Bluetooth to wirelessly connect to a smartphone. As such, these earbuds can act like wireless earpieces, so you can listen to music, podcasts or audiobooks in stereo; make hands-free phone calls; and engage with Siri and other voice-enabled apps. Users can also answer phone calls and start or stop audio with a simple tap of the earbuds. 

      Furthermore, IQbuds are equipped with noise-cancellation technology, which generates sounds that can neutralize background noise, such as distracting chatter in crowded places. In addition, microphones in each IQbud capture incoming audio, letting in sounds that you may want to hear, such as someone next to you talking to you. As such, people can "genuinely and in real time experience the ability to augment their hearing in noisy social environments," said Nuheara co-founder David Cannington.

A smartphone app accompanying the IQbuds can help users control exactly what they hear in the world around them. Moreover, the app can save hearing settings personalized for specific environments; for instance, you may want to hear as much of your surroundings as you can while riding a bicycle, but suppress background noise while in a cafe.

The founders of Nuheara came up with the idea for the IQbuds in late 2014. Cannington said that no other wireless earbud combines a Bluetooth earpiece with the abilities to boost hearing and cancel noise.

IQbuds can operate over 4 hours of continuous use with the help of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and low-power electronics that optimize battery power. And the carrying case that holds the earbuds houses three additional charges, granting an extra 12 hours of battery life, the company said.

Nuheara representatives said hearables will grow to become a large segment of the wearables market. "Voice-recognition technologies will drive how consumers interact with their devices, and hearing-technology platforms will play a major role in this development," Cannington said.

"Fifty million people in the USA alone have some degree of hearing loss. They will be our early adopters," Cannington said. Moreover, younger audiences "like the idea of bionic hearing," Cannington said.

In 2015, Nuheara raised $750,000 in seed money for the project, and in 2016, the company raised $3.5 million when it went public. The business also has $480,000 in pre-orders from more than 2,200 backers in an ongoing Indiegogo campaign.

So far, more than 300 people have tested IQbuds prototypes, in Australia, the United States and Canada, Cannington said. Nuheara plans to ship IQbuds to backers in December, and the devices should reach the market in early 2017, he added. They will be compatible with Android and iOS devices, the company said.

VLSI Lab Programs

Click on the Titles to download

• expt 1a : Half adder

• expt 1b : Full Adder using logic gates

• expt 1c : Full Adder using 2 Half Adders

• expt 1d : Ripple Carry Adder 

• expt 2   : Parallel Multiplier

• expt 3   : 4:1 MUX

• expt 4   : 4:1 Encoder

• expt 5   : JK Flip Flop

• expt 6   : D Flip Flop

• expt 7   : T Flip Flop

• expt 8   : Mod10 Counter

• expt 9   : Ripple counter

• expt 10 : Shift Register-SISO

1. 
   

127.0.0.1 – What Are its Uses and Why is it Important?

            127.0.0.1 is the loopback Internet protocol (IP) address also referred to as the “localhost.” The address is used to establish an IP connection to the same machine or computer being used by the end-user. The same convention is defined for computer’s that support IPv6 addressing using the connotation of ::1. Establishing a connection using the address 127.0.0.1 is the most common practice; however, using any IP address in the range of 127.*.*.* will function in the same or similar manner. The loopback construct gives a computer or device capable of networking the capability to validate or establish the IP stack on the machine.

How Does the Internet Protocol Work?

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules that ensure there is a standardized method to address and communicate between computers and other network devices. Besides governing the method of addressing, the IP protocol also standardizes the manner or method that data packets are sent to, delivered, and where applicable acknowledged across the Internet and local networks. Internet Protocol version 4 (or IPv4) is the fourth revision of the protocol and is the most widely deployed throughout the world. IETF RFC 791, which was finalized in September of 1981, is the current definition of the protocol. IPv4 is slowly being replaced by IPv6, but it’s adoption is still in infancy. IPv4 is considered to be a connectionless protocol designed to be used on Ethernet-based networks. The protocol does not guarantee delivery, data integrity, or proper data sequencing; instead, relying on the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to handle these concerns.

How Does 127.0.0.1 Work?

Establishing a network connection to the 127.0.0.1 loopback address is accomplished in the same manner as establishing one with any remote computer or device on the network. The primary difference is that the connection avoids using the local network interface hardware. System administrators and application developers commonly use 127.0.0.1 to test applications. When establishing an IPv4 connection with 127.0.0.1 will normally be assigned subnet mask 255.0.0.1. If any public switch, router, or gateway receives a packet addressed to the loopback IP address, it is required to drop the packet without logging the information. As a result, if a data packet is delivered outside of the localhost, by design it will not accidently arrive at a computer which will try to answer it. This aspect of the loopback helps ensure network security is maintained, since most computers will answer packets addressed to their respective loopback address which may also unexpectedly activate other services on a machine by responding to a stray data packet.

What is the Domain Name System?

Human beings are not able to easily remember IP addresses or number well. Plain language web addresses; however, are much easier to use, but require a method to resolve to the actual address of the remote computer or server. As a result, the Domain Name System (DNS), was developed to help direct local and Internet traffic to the appropriate destination by performing real-time look-ups of Internet address with other DNS servers located on the Internet. Before a local computer will send a DNS request to the DNS server for the local network; however, it will perform a check of the locally stored Hosts file first to save time and network resources. The hosts file contains pairings of IP addresses along with one or more host names and is updated frequently based on predefined conditions on the local computer. Before the invention of DNS, there was a single Hosts file that was shared across the network. This was found to not pass the test of scalability; however, when multiple networks started to get connected together which resulted in the development of the DNS system in use today.

How is 127.0.0.1 Used in the Hosts File?

Whenever a computer user tries to access a website or remote computer by name, the computer checks the locally stored Hosts file for domain name resolution before sending a request to the Domain Name Server (DNS). The 127.0.0.1 IP address is commonly found in the Hosts file on computers assigned to the plain English address, “localhost.” It is also used by computer malware to assign legitimate websites to the localhost to prevent the end-user from seeking legitimate computer security assistance with malware infection. This type of change has most commonly been associated with many of the computer scareware packages that have been deployed across the Internet through maliciously infected websites, Trojan horse viruses, and infected email attachments. Some computer administrators, and interested students, can modify the hosts file to prevent access to undesirable websites; however, is not the preferred method as the end-user (or administrator) now becomes responsible for removing the entry when required. Examples of host file entries:

127.0.0.1 localhost

127.0.0.1 www.SiteYouWantToRouteToLocalHost.com

127.0.0.1 SiteYouWantToRouteToLocalHost.com

What is a Special Use IP Address?

A special use IP address is one that has been assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and is reserved for a specific reason or purpose. The IANA’s authority to delineate these addresses comes from the IETF to make assignments in support of the Internet Standards Process. The IANA defines special use IP addresses for IPv4 in RFC 3330: Special-Use IPv4 Addresses and for IPV6 in RFC 3513: Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) . RFC 3330 was the first specification to collect the various one-off definitions for special use IP addresses such as 127.0.0.1 that had been defined over the years in a central location. Based on these lessons learned, all of the special user IPv6 addresses were included in RFC 3513 from the beginning. The IANA does state in RFC 3330 that the Internet does not protect against the abuse of special IP addresses such as 127.0.0.1. The organization also goes on to recommend that if all data packets from a reserved address are assumed to have originated from the same computer’s subnet that all border routers should filter reserved packets that do not originate from the same device since there have been instances of attacks mounted based on the use of one or more of these special addresses.

Special IP Address Summary Table

Address Block             Present Use                      

0.0.0.0/8             “This” Network

10.0.0.0/8            Private-Use Networks

14.0.0.0/8            Public-Data Networks

24.0.0.0/8            Cable Television Networks

39.0.0.0/8            Reserved, subject to allocation

127.0.0.0/8          Loopback

128.0.0.0/16        Reserved, subject to allocation

169.254.0.0/16    Link Local

172.16.0.0/12      Private-Use Networks

191.255.0.0/16    Reserved, subject to allocation

192.0.0.0/24        Reserved but subject to allocation

192.0.2.0/24        Test-Net

192.88.99.0/24    6to4 Relay Anycast

192.168.0.0/16    Private-Use Networks

198.18.0.0/15        Network Interconnect Device Benchmark Testing

223.255.255.0/24     Reserved, subject to allocation

224.0.0.0/4          Multicast, commonly used in multiplayer simulations and gaming and for video distribution.

240.0.0.0/4          Reserved for Future Use

What Are the Common Uses for 127.0.0.1?

A common technique to verify that a computer’s networking equipment, operating system, and TCP/IP implementation are working correctly is to send a ping request to 127.0.0.1. Based on the results of the test, administrators or computer users can troubleshoot network connectivity issues. Application developers also make use of the loopback address to test basic network functionality when developing a program or application component prior to going “live” on a network or the Internet with testing or deployment.

Some of the “lighter” uses of the loopback address are to trick computer security or computer science students into attempting to crack, probe, or test network speed by using the 127.0.0.1 address. There are also a number of variations on the “World’s Worst Hacker” found across the Internet. In these stories (which at least a few are likely based on true stories), fellow hackers urge “newbies” or a “less-than-knowledgeable” hacker to infect, hack, or conduct a DOS or DDOS attack against the 127.0.0.1 address.  In the more humorous stories, the hacker succeeds in infecting or deleting information from his or her own computer to the amusement of those watching.

Where is 127.0.0.1 Defined?

RFC 1700, published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was the first document to reserve the 127.0.0.0/8 address block for loopback purposes. IETF document, RFC 3330, then further described the usage of the IPv4 address block 127.0.0.0/8 for loopback purposes. These definitions were later updated exclusively through the IANA and continue to be excluded for assignment by Regional Internet Registries or the IANA.

What is IPv6?

As the number of people and devices that use the Internet has grown, the demand for addresses has continued to grow exponentially. Internet Protocol Version 6, IPv6, is the next generation protocol that is designed to ultimately replace IPv4 and is slowly being adopted in education and research circles. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to accommodate the increasing number of devices and users accessing the Internet and to help address some of the fundamental security shortcomings in the IPv4 implementation. IPv6 accommodates a greater number of addresses by using bigger numbers to create IP addresses. Under the IPv4 addressing convention, an address is 32 bits in length that allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. IPv6; however, uses a 128 bit address that permits up to 340 trillion, trillion IP addresses.

What Are the Advantages of IPv6?

Besides the significant increase in total numbers of IP addresses, IPv6 also offers networking advantages over IPv4. The new protocol allows devices to detect and use services of IPv6 enabled networks without requiring action by the end-user. It also significantly reduces the need for Network Address Translation (NAT) which is used on IPv4 to allow a number of clients to share a single IP address. A number of research projects based on the underlying IPv6 technology are underway as part of the Internet 2 project led by a non-profit U.S. networking consortium comprised of education communities, industry, and government. With more than 280 members, the Internet 2 Network currently connects more than 60,000 institutions and provides a next-generation optical network that can meet high-performance demand requirements for research and education.

What is the Equivalent of 127.0.0.1 in IPv6?

::1 or in longhand, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 is the loopback address in the IPv6 protocol. The loopback address in IPv6 performs a similar function as in IPv4 by allowing a node to send a data packet to itself. It cannot be assigned to any physical interface on the computer and is considered to have a “link-local” scope. The ::1 address is not allowed to be used as a source address in IPv6 packets that are sent outside of a single node. If they are, an IPv6 router is not allowed to forward the data packet. If a packet with this address is received on an interface, it must also be dropped. The loopback, “unspecified addresses,” and the IPv6 addresses that have embedded IPv4 addresses are assigned out of the 0000 0000 binary prefix space.

Steps to Ping 127.0.0.1

Although pinging the loopback address or 127.0.0.1 can be accomplished using the DOS command prompt or terminal on a MAC OS X computer, it is also built in to many of the network administrator tools available on the market.

Step 1 – Log-in to your computer using an account with administrator permissions.

Step 2 – Open the “DOS” prompt by selecting the “Start” button and typing “CMD” into the search text field. In Mac OS X, select the “Finder” located in the computer’s “Dock” and click on the “Utilities” menu option. Then, double click the “Network Utility” application icon.

Step 3 – In Windows, enter “ping 127.0.0.1” at the DOS command prompt followed by pressing the “Enter” key. On a Mac, select the “Ping” menu tab and enter “127.0.0.1” in the field provided. Then press the “Ping” menu button.

Step 4 – View the results displayed on the screen. The data displayed will include the number of data packets sent, received, lost, and the approximate round trip time of the data transmission. Results on a Windows computer will look similar to:

Pinging 127.0.0.1 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 127.0.0.1:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),

Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:

Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms